Rethinking Change: Toward Emotionally Intelligent Transformation in the Public Sector

Despite widespread adoption of structured change methodologies, public sector transformation programmes continue to experience delays, cost overruns, and cultural resistance. This paper critiques the limitations of ADKAR, a widely used individual change model, when applied to complex, system-wide initiatives. Drawing on comparative analysis of five established frameworks (ADKAR, Kotter’s 8-Step, Bridges Transition, McKinsey 7-S, and Lewin’s Unfreeze-Change- Refreeze), the paper argues for a blended, context-sensitive approach that integrates emotional scaffolding, strategic alignment, and behavioural insight. Particular attention is given to the role of adaptive leadership, psychological safety, and Nudge Theory in fostering resilient change. The paper concludes by introducing the FRAME Framework, Flexible, Relational, Adaptive, Modular, Equitable, as a strategic scaffold for emotionally intelligent, governance-aware transformation.