Stem Cell Research Treatment in Cerebral Aneurysm

Cerebral aneurysms represent 3-5% of the global population and the 3rd worst cause of morbidity and mortality that follows aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Traditional surgical clipping and endovascular coiling therapies remain below acceptable standards to secondary injuries due to neurovasospasm, neuroinflammation, and blood–brain barrier disruption. This paper explores the therapeutic advances of stem cell–based therapies as novel, untapped treatments for cerebral aneurysms. Paracrine action of stem cells of mesenchymal origin, MSCs, exerts protective immunomodulatory effects through an anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory mechanism. This cell-free MSCs' extracellular vesicles MSC-EVs therapeutic system is safer, more stable, and penetrates the blood-brain barrier more readily. Vascular repair, re- endothelialization, and stabilization of aneurysmal walls are unique examples of integration processes by which endothelial progenitor cells EPCs are integrated using the mechanics of paracrine and integration. These cell therapies aim at the maintenance of the neurons, angiogenesis, and those that facilitate tissue repair. However, clinical implementation of preclinical results remains a challenge that has not been completed, as a result of tumorigenicity, immune removal, protocol standardization, and logistical delivery. There is an imperative to consider more detailed clinical trials, biomarker follow- up, and combination therapy discovery as presented by current evidence. The therapeutic interventions for the intricate pathophysiology of cerebral aneurysms may become safer and less self-toxic for the body through the use of stem cell research, MSCs, and EPCs along with their vesicles owing to the immunomodulation and regenerative capabilities.