Environmental Drivers of Faecal Sludge Management in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas: A Case Study of Isiolo Sub-County, Kenya

Access to safe and adequate sanitation remains a significant challenge in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), where harsh climatic conditions, chronic water scarcity, and poor infrastructure hinder sustainable service delivery. To address this issue, on-site sanitation facilities have gained global acceptance. However, studies indicate that faecal sludge from these systems is often poorly managed, resulting in widespread environmental contamination, groundwater pollution, and increased public health risks. The study investigated how environmental factors influence the management of faecal matter in Isiolo Sub-County, Kenya. A convergent mixed-methods design was adopted, combining household surveys and focus group discussions (FGDs) to capture quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Household heads (N=355) were selected using stratified and proportionate random sampling, while qualitative insights were gathered from purposively selected informants. Data were analysed in Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26.0, using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression, while qualitative data were thematically analysed and presented in narrative form. Findings showed that 46.5% of faecal matter was poorly managed, with regression analysis identifying rainfall (AOR = 0.825, p = 0.0315), space availability (AOR = 0.889, p = 0.036), and land use (AOR = 1.012, p = 0.013) as significant predictors. Qualitative data highlighted the collapse of temporary latrines during heavy rains, rocky soils limiting pit depth, and a lack of compound space for replacement pits. The study concludes that environmental conditions are critical to ASALs' sanitation sustainability. The study recommends that government and sanitation stakeholders adopt context-specific, climate-resilient sanitation technologies and integrate land-use planning with faecal sludge management strategies.