A Critical Review of Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing for Sustainable Future

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has revolutionized the manufacturing industry by enabling the production of complex geometries and customized products. The integration of smart materials, which possess unique properties that allow them to respond to external stimuli, has gained significant attention in recent years. The survey explores the applications of smart materials in additive manufacturing, including shape memory alloys (SMAs), piezoelectric materials, and stimuli-responsive polymers. SMAs, with their ability to recover their original shape after deformation, find applications in aerospace, robotics, and biomedical engineering. Furthermore, the survey highlights the benefits of integrating smart materials into additive manufacturing processes. Multifunctional structures can be created by incorporating smart materials, reducing complexity and assembly time. Adaptive and self-healing structures are made possible by utilizing materials that respond to external stimuli, enhancing durability and product lifespan. The survey concludes by discussing future research directions in the field. Efforts are focused on developing new material formulations tailored for additive manufacturing processes, as well as advancing printing technologies and post-processing techniques. Material characterization techniques and simulation tools are being developed to optimize printing parameters and predict material behavior accurately. Interdisciplinary collaborations and the integration of emerging technologies, such as machine learning and nanotechnology, hold promise for further advancements in the field.