A Systematic Review of Sedimentation and Water Quality in Kiri Dam, Adamawa State, Northeastern Nigeria

The Kiri Dam Reservoir, located on the River Gongola in Northeastern Nigeria, is experiencing rapid sedimentation and declining water quality, which threaten its long-term operation. This study offers a comprehensive review of scientific literature, analyzing 32 peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025 to assess the extent, causes, and effects of these environmental issues. Using a PRISMA-based approach and thematic analysis, the review identifies key sedimentation patterns, water contaminants, and management gaps. Results show a 15% decrease in storage capacity from 2002 to 2022, mainly due to upstream deforestation, erosion, and agricultural runoff. Water tests reveal high levels of heavy metals—especially lead and cadmium—that surpass WHO safety standards, particularly during dry seasons. Sediment resuspension worsens contamination risks. Predictive models, such as SWAT, RUSLE, and the Rouse method, have proven effective in estimating sediment loads and identifying areas prone to erosion. Comparative case studies support an integrated approach, including sediment control structures, real-time monitoring, and participatory governance. The study recommends strategies such as dredging, automated monitoring, better institutional coordination, and community-driven watershed management. These findings provide a practical framework for restoring the ecological health of Kiri Dam and promoting sustainable water resource management, applicable to similar tropical reservoirs facing environmental stress.