A Comparative Analysis of Smart Parking Systems: Challenges, Technologies, Innovations and Future Directions

The rapid growth of urban populations has intensified the demand for efficient parking solutions in cities. This Paper presents a comparative analysis of existing Smart Parking Management System challenges and implementation, as well as, it proposes a technique for utilizing the ESP32 microcontroller to optimize parking space usage and reduce congestion. The system leverages IoT technology to detect the real-time availability of parking slots using ultrasonic sensors connected to ESP32 boards. Data collected is transmitted via Wi-Fi to a central server, where it is processed and made accessible through a web or mobile application, enabling users to locate and reserve available parking spaces in advance. The system also incorporates features like automated billing, entry/exit tracking, and integration with navigation systems for user convenience. By providing real-time monitoring and intelligent space management, this ESP32-based solution enhances urban mobility, reduces carbon emissions caused by prolonged vehicle idling, and contributes to the development of smart city infrastructure.