Role and Controversies in the Management of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent malignancy globally, with marked disparities in incidence and management between high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Incidence rates in LMICs are rising due to lifestyle factors and limited healthcare access. Key risk factors include high-fat diets and obesity. While high-income countries (HICs) benefit from advancements in treatment, such innovations remain largely inaccessible in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), further complicated by challenges such as late-stage presentations and inadequate health literacy. Nevertheless, HICs continue to encounter issues related to the accuracy of these treatment procedures. This review highlights the need for integrated strategies, combining dietary interventions, innovative treatments, and public health initiatives, in order to improve CRC outcomes worldwide. Colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibits significant disparities in incidence and management globally, influenced by racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. Key modifiable risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity, and diet, while non-modifiable factors encompass genetic predispositions and age. Enhanced screening, access to innovative treatments, and public health initiatives are essential to address these disparities, particularly for underserved populations. A multidisciplinary approach and tailored interventions are crucial for improving CRC outcomes worldwide.