Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Congestive Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review

Congestive heart failure (CHF), also known as heart failure, is a complex debilitating clinical syndrome characterized by the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic demands or to do so only at elevated filling pressures, this results in a cascade of compensatory mechanisms and ultimately in systemic and pulmonary congestion. This review delves into the intricate pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning CHF, exploring the interplay between various factors, including myocardial dysfunction, neurohormonal activation, remodeling processes, and the resulting clinical manifestations. We will examine the initial triggers, the compensatory mechanisms that ultimately contribute to the progression of the disease, and the key signaling pathways involved. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to alleviate symptoms, improve prognosis, and ultimately prevent the advancement of CHF. To start the best course of treatment for each patient, it is crucial to comprehend the underlying pathophysiology of heart failure. Furthermore, avoiding cardiovascular risk factors is necessary to lower the risk.