Unmasking Guillain-Barre Syndrome: From Triggers to Treatment

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is rare yet serious acute immune-mediated polyneuropathy impacting peripheral nervous system, often occurring after an infection. It usually manifests as rapidly advancing, symmetrical weakness in the limbs, areflexia, and sensory disturbances of varying degrees. GBS encompasses various clinical forms, such as Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN), as well as Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS). From an epidemiological perspective, the global incidence of GBS is 0.89-1.89 cases per 100,000 person-years, with higher frequency observed among older adults and males. Infections, especially Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, Campylobacter jejuni, as well as Zika virus, correlate with regional and seasonal variations. The pathogenesis includes molecular mimicry, where antibodies cross-react with gangliosides on peripheral nerves, leading to demyelination or axonal degeneration. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, corroborated by Nerve conduction studies (NCS), as well as analysis of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that demonstrates albuminocytological dissociation. GBS constitutes a medical emergency because of the dangers of respiratory failure, autonomic dysfunction, and cranial nerve involvement. During the acute phase, supportive care such as respiratory monitoring, Deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis, and nutritional support is essential. During recovery, rehabilitation plays an important part, centring on the restoration of motor function, complication prevention, and enhancement of quality of life. Although the majority of patients recover, a subset continues to experience long-term disability and fatigue. It is essential to identify early, treat promptly, and manage with a multidisciplinary approach in order to achieve optimal outcomes. To enhance patient care and reduce long-term complications, ongoing investigation into immunopathogenesis and treatment approaches is essential.