Sociodemographic Characteristics of Pesticide Users, Types of Pesticides, and Pesticide Application Practices Among Farmers in Lake Alau and Gongolong Irrigation Sites, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

The unregulated use of pesticides in wetland agriculture poses significant environmental and health risks worldwide. Farmers' limited knowledge and unsafe handling practices exacerbate exposure hazards. This study aims to investigate the socio-demographic characteristics of pesticide users and identify/classify the types of pesticides used by farmers in Lake Alau and Gongolong irrigation sites. A two-part questionnaire was used to collect data on the socio- demographics of 390 (farmers) pesticide users and pesticide usage patterns in the Alau and Gongolong areas. Descriptive statistical measures, such as frequency and percent, were used to describe and interpret the data. SPSS software version 24 was used for data analysis. The respondents' demographics showed that most were 23-32 years old. In terms of education, 52.8% had Sangaya education, 33.3% had SSCE, and 13.9% had a Diploma. Insecticides were the most commonly used pesticide, with neonicotinoids dominant in Alau and organophosphates in Gongolong. Popular pesticide brands included Caterpillar Force, Forceup, and Z-force. Solvent-based pesticides were widely used, and most farmers applied pesticides during the fruiting stage, taking safety measures like considering wind direction. Spraying was the primary application method in both locations. Pesticide use in Alau and Gongolong, Nigeria, poses risks to the environment, health, and agricultural sustainability due to farmers' limited knowledge and excessive use of hazardous chemicals. A comprehensive approach is needed to promote safe and sustainable pesticide use practices, including awareness creation, regulation, incentives for eco-friendly practices, and the provision of personal protective equipment.